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TIMEH-SINCLAIR USERS CLUB
NEWSLETTER

Toronto, Ontario

B6146
PRINTED IN CANADA - : A

SEPTEMBER 1984 VOL 2/NO.5

LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT

Welcome back from your summer holidays, fellow members. Our
elections are now in the process of Finding new executive officers
which will be in the next Newsletter. There are several openings and
anyone interested in serving an the executive, Please leave your name

with us.

I'm looking forward to a continued good year and since I’m
stepping down as the President, all my best wishes to the new
President of the Timex-Sinclair Users Club.

Greg Lloyd
(President?

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

PRESIDENT: Greg Lloyd

SECRETARY! George Chambers

LIBRARIAN: Martin Nauk

TREASURER: YJosn Roach

NEUS EDITOR: tan Piotrowski

ACTIVITY DIRECTORS: Zrian Hammond, Ian Roberts
LIASON OFFICER: (Out-of-town members): Chris Hart

EDITOR’S NOTE

Again, I am asking for articles to be printed up in the Newsletter. As
I've said before, it doesn’t matter how trivial it may seem to you,
Pass it on to your Newsletter and have it printed. Remember, there are
Many new programmers out there who may have been struggling with the
sare problem you might have had and couldn't find the solution. By
Barsing oan these little bits of information, you may be helping
another +tellow club member. Also, you get to see your name in print
and if anyone should ask, you can truthfully say that you have had
some of your computer work published! '! 3

Stan Pictrawski
(News Editor)

BASIC PROGRAMMING
Well here we are again ready to do some more Basic Programming.
In this issue, we will use some Hints & Techniques in order to enhance

or make your Basic programming better.

Let’s start off with the number of lines you are able to print
onto your screen. Tha manual tells you that you can only print 22

PAGE 2

lines (9 to 21) yet it tells you that the display file or the screen
size is 32 across by 24 lines down (8 to 23). We actually do have
access to this but there are 2 restrictions: we cannot print to 24
lines if there is an INPUT command or a SCROLL command. Otherwise, you
can. The ZX-81 have several addresses in your RAM pack that it uses
for itself and if you’re not careful in POKEing these addresses, the
computer can lock up or go into that wonderful display of a "blizzard
in the middle of winter”. i

The address that keeps track of the number of lines on your
screen is 16418. It normally contains "2" counting from the bottom
line up which means that you cannot print on the bottom two lines. To
print to the bottom Z lines; POKE 16418,0. Now you can PRINT AT
23,@5 "HELLO THERE"... BUT!!! you can’t stop ther program theres it
must continue on. If it stops, you know that you get error codes in
the bottom left corner. All error codes are printed on line 23 so it
would wipe out your PRINT statement. Therefore, if you enter something
like the following lines:

ig CLS

28 POKE 16418,9

38 PRINT AT 18,8; "ENTER A NUMBER"

4@ IF INKEYS = "" THEN GOTO 48

S9 LET AS=INKEYS

62 PRINT AT 23,12;:"YOUR NUMBER IS: "SAS
78 GOTO 58

Now, you can add more printing data if you should want more on
the screen. If you need to use a SCROLL or an INPUT, don't forget to
POKE 16418,2 before these commands. Of course you can do the opposite
which can be effective.

Enter the following program and you can see that the printing
will stay on the bottom of the screen while you can scroll and input
anything:

18 CLS

23 PRINT AT 21,25 "PRESS ANY KEY TO STOP"
38 POKE 16418,19

42 FOR I=g8 TO 255

45 SCROLL

S8 PRINT CHRE I

68 IF INKEYS-"" THEM GOTO 89
?£ GOTO 198

88 NEXT I

99 IF I=255 THEN GOTO 48

198 POKE 16418,2Z

118 FAST

128 CLS

138 SLOW

148 STOP

Have you ever noticed in some programs (especially game programs
with machine code) that the first line is always "6". You know that if
you entered a line number with a zero, then nothing would happen; the

PAGE 3

ZX-81 refuses to accept it. Fear not; we can also change this too.
Simply POKE 16318,8. Now list the program and your first line number
will be a "9", Also notice that you cannot delete this line number.
For programmers, they sometimes put in their Copyright notice since
most novice programmers cannot delete or edit it, By simply reversing
the process, you can insert a line number that you can delete or edit;
POKE 16518,1 or the same line number as the following line number in
your program, l

Whenever a Program had the command PAUSE, did you notice how
jerky it seems such as PAUSE 388. The reason is that it is "Bit"
counting the frames on the TV screen. A much smoother effect for
waiting a period of time is the FOR/NEXT loop such as:

1898 FOR I = 1 TO 399
289 NEXT I

And finally, here's a short program that displays the calendar
month for any year you choose. For those of you learning to program,
S^ through line by line and try to determine exactly what and why the
Program is doing something. For example, in line #248, the numbers
that represent some of the months is determined to have 31 days. It
laso checks whether there was a leap year in the year you chose,

SLOW
CLS

PRINT AT 8,25"1. HARDCOPY", "2. SCREENCOPY*
IF INKEYS<>"1" AND INKEYS<>"2" THEN GOTO 4
LET P$-"g"

IF INKEYS="1" THEN LET P$="1"

PRINT,,

PRINT "ENTER MONTH (1 TO 12)"

INPUT M

PRINT "ENTER YEAR"

INPUT Y

FAST

58 LET D=1

68 LET MON=M

?8 LET YEAR=Y

89 DIM A$(12,9)

188 LET AS(1)="JANUARY "

118 LET AS(2)="FEBRUARY "

JO Ul 5 Ne

Ed P) ma n
Qe yg

BD
a um

128 LET AS(3)="MARCH 2
159 LET AS(4)="APRIL d
148 LET A$(5)="MAY .
159 LET A$(6)z*JUNE "
168 LET AS(7)="JULY 2

178 LET AS(8)="AUGUST i
188 LET A$(9)-"SEPTEMBER"
1928 LET AS$(1g)-"OCTOBER "
280 LET AS(11)="NOVEMBER "
218 LET AS(12)="DECEMBER "
228 DIM A(42)

238 LET END=39

PAGE 4

249 IF M=1 OR M=3 OR M=5 OR M=? OR M=8 OR M=1@ OR M=12 THEN LET
END=31

258 IF M=2 THEN LET END =28

268 LET LEAP=3

220 IFY/4=INT (Y/4) AND Y/1@@<>INT (Y/19@) THEN LET LEAP=1
288 IF Y/489-INT (Y/408) THEN LET LEAP-1

389 IF M-2 AND LEAP-1 THEN LET END=29

319 IF M-1 OR M-2 THEN LET M-M*12

328 IF M=13 OR M=14 THEN LET Y=Y-1

S38 LET R-D*2XM*2*INT ((3%M+3)/5)+INT (Y/4) *Y-INT (Y/19@) «INT
(Y/4ag88)

346 LET NUM -(R/7-INT (R/2))X7

359 LET NUM -INT {NUM+ .5)

369 LET START = NUM

378 IF NUM=@ THEN LET START=?

389 LET DAY =1

398 FOR P=START TO 42

482 LET AtP)=DAY

418 LET DAY-DAY*1

4280 NEXT P

438 CLS
449 PRINT TAB 1@3AS(MON);" ";YEAR
458 PRINT,," SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT"

478 FOR R=8T05

488 FOR C=1+R¥? TO 7+R¥?

498 LET CC=C-R¥?

S8 IF AtC)=@ THEM PRINT TAB (4XCC);" "3
S18 IF A‘C}=@ THEN GOTO 559

S26 IF A(C) > END THEN PRINT TAB (4XCC);" ";
538 IF AIC) > END THAN GOTO 558

244 PRINT TAB (4XCC);4A(C); &:
558 NEXT C =
568 NEXT R

578 IF P$="1" THEN COPY

S88 IF P4="1" THEN GOTO 1

S98 SLOW

629 PRINT AT 21,25 "PRESS ANY KEY FOR ANOTHER MONTH"
618 IF INKEY$="" THEM GOTO 618

628 GOTO 1

MACHINE CODE PROGRAMMING

On the last page you will find several piecs of information about
the 2-88 chip which is the chip used in the ZX-81. They are all
grouped in order that you may see the correlation between common M/C
commands. There are few more things to learn before we can actually
begin programming a game (or anything) in M/C. s

As you learned in the last issue of our Newsletter, you can print
any printable character to the screen by calling a special Print
Routine within the Z-38 commands. This is fine for printing messages
but it will not work for moving graphics around on the screen. There
is another way and it, too, can be used to print messages but is more
cumbersome and would take a great deal more patience and bytes.

p.

PAGE 5

Mr. Sinclair set up the ZX-81 so that 2 special addresses hold
the location of the Display File (or D-File in the manual). In some
computers, the display file is MEMORY MAPPED which means that always
and forever, the same addresses hold the location of the screen
positions. For example, in memory mapped computers, the display file
may begin at location 29889 onwards to a total of the number of print
positions on the screen. If you wanted to print the letter "A" in the
middle of the screen, then you would add the number of characters
across (in the ZX-81 it is 32) times the number of rows down. In the
ZX-81, the middle is about 19 lines down. Therefore, you would add
19*32 or 329 to 2988 to print the letter "A" in the middle. But not so
with the ZX-81. As I stated above, the ZX-81 is NOT memory mapped but
floats around in memory and since it is a "floater", it is a "SYS7£4^
VARIABLE". If you check your manual on the System Variables, you
will find that the addresses 16396 and 16397 hold the location of the
beginning of the display file. If we PEEK these addresses at different
times during programming, you will find that they are different each
time. In actual fact, we don’t really care where the D-File is
located; all we want to do is print a character somewhere on the
screen but in a place decided by us. (Which means doing some
mathematics).

Ch yes, there is one more hitch in the floating D-File; at the
beginning, there is always a character code of 118 and at the end of
each line, there is a code of 118 which means that each line (except
the first line) has actually 33 spaces instead of the normally 32 we
have been accustomed to. We must take this into consideration each
time we print something to the screen or check the character of what's
on a particular screen location. Try this:

FRINT PEEK 16396 + 256 X PEEK 16397.

This will give you tke address location of the start of D-File.
If, for example, vou PEEKed the above addresses and the result was
22080; FRINT PEEK 226869 and you will get 118 which means the start of
D-File.

Enter this short program to check how D-File works:

18 CLS

28 PRINT "A"

38 LET X=PEEK 16396 + 256 X PEEK 16397
48 LET X=Xti

59 PRINT X

RUN

Running through the program, the screen is cleared and the letter
"A" is printed at the top left corner. In line 39, "X" is the address
of the beginning of the location of the display file. Since the first
location is always code 118, in line 42 we add 1 to the address to get
the first location of the printable part of the D-File. In line 59, we
PEEK this address contained in "X" which will be code 38. If you check
in your manual, the code tor 38 is the letter "A".

—

PAGE 6

You should now see how this address holds the location of D-File
and the fact that we let the computer look after the actual location.
We don’t really need to know where the D-File is located in memory but
simply PEEK the variable addresses 16396 and 16397 to find it.

Now, it we can PEEK these addresses, we can also POKE a printable
character into the D-File location. Don’t forget, we don’t POKE into
She addresses 16396 k 16397 but only into their PEEK value.

Therefore, let’s modify the above program slightly to POKE the
letter "B" into the top left corner of our screen:

DELETE LINE 18

aa POKE X,39

The letter "E" will have appeared at the top left corner of the
screen. The whole program above is in Basic so is rather slow but if
it is done in machine language, it is done very quickly. In fact, it
moves zo fast that we will actually slow the routine down by about
198888 cycles in order that we can use the routine in a game!!! Notice,
128869 cycles. That's like using in Basic:

FOR I = 1 TA 19889
NEXT I

I showed you this routine before but now you should see the logic
+, First of all, we find the start of the loaction of D-File, then
POKE a character code into-it, add 1 to the address, go back and do it
again. The big thing about this program is that it will crash and you
have to unplug your computer to get out nf it since it doesn't take
into account all codes 118 and the end of D-File; in fact it will go
on forever POKEing the codes into memory. All I'm trying to show you
is how fast this routine is in comparison to the previous machine code
printing routine. But, this routine is used the most in machine
language programming. There is one thing more to remember and it is
important: the register HL must be used whenever the above routine is
being used and normally DE is used to hold the screen position. (e.g.
the ZX-81 has Z2 horizontal positions by 24 vertical positions or 768
possibie positions that can be displayed on the screen.

Enter a REM line with 12 characters then enter the following
codes: ' i

ig REM 123456789812

42, 12, 64 :LD HL (16396)
2. da. Ø :LD DE, 1

25 : ADD HL,DE

54, 38 SLD (HL), 38

35 INC HL

24, 251 JR -5

PAND USR 16514

PAGE 7

Immediately the screen was filled with the letter "A" - so fast -
that vou were unable to see the start or finish. Mis

= The last area at the Present time before Starting our "Space
Game" is that of K-Scan or keyboard scan routine. We must be able to
control our "Lasers" or the "Spaceship’s" movements and in order to do

this, we must be able to use the keyboard, obviously.

There are many subroutines in ROM that we make extensive use of
which means we don’t "REWRITE" the ROM routines and one of the.
routines is K-Scan. When we call this routine tin machine language:
CALL 688), it returns with the value of the last key pressed in the HL
register, If we Compare the values we are looking for with the values
in the HL register, we can do something and if the values are not what
we want, then do nothing. For example, if we wish to have the "Y" key
to move our Spaceship up, we compare the value in the HL register pair
to the value of the letter "y",

Note: it is NOT the character value of "Y" but the keyboard
section where the letter "Y" is contained. If you have a copy of Toni
Baker's book "Mastering Machine Code On Your ZX-81" (an excellent book
on machine code), beginning on page 88, she shows you what the
sections are about. Basically, the keyboard is divided up into several
sections (hardware and software). :

The ton row of key is one section; the next another section, etc.
Then the sections are divided vertically as well beginning with 1, 8,
A and SHIFT. This is a very brief explanation of it and if anyone has
added an external keyboard, this was actually done in hardware.
According to Toni Baker’s book, we can use „hole sections to move the
spaceship. For example, the keys 1, 2, and 3 could be one type of
movement. But if we wanted to get specitic and have only the key
labelled 1 to do something, then we must examine both the "H" and the
"L" of the hl register pair. In the above sections, we need only to
compare the "L" register.

I*'11 let you find out what the returned value is of each key
pressed in the following Basic program. You can print them out for

yourself or jot them down somewhere. Generally, you will only be
concerned with 5 specific keys for most games: the left, right, up,
and down movements and = fire-the-missile key.

18 SCROLL

28 IF INKEYE = "" THEN GOTO 2£

39 LET X = PEEK 16421

46 LET Y = PEEK 16422

56 LET AE = INKEYE

68 PRINT At;": LORYTE="5%, "HIBYTE-";Y
28 GOTO 19

What happens in the above program is that the "LOBYTE" will be
what is returned in the "L" register and the "HIBYTE" will be what is
returned in the "H" register. In machine Code, you would CALL K-SCAN
and then compare the HL register with what your expected results would

See

PAGE 8
be and then continue execution of the machine code program

Well that’s it for this Newsletter for Machine Code programming.
In the next issue, we will begin to actually program a Space Invaders
game.

Since there are several new members in our club since we first
began our Newsletters, I thought evry once in awhile I would print an
article #rom some of our first Newsletters. Here then is an article by
one of former members and very active participant (those of us that
knew him):

A SHORT PROGRAM IN FORTH (ZX FORTH)
by J.J. Castillos

If you are like me, you got your copy of ZX FORTH, loaded it,
played a bit with it and after realizing how different it was from
Basic, you put it away for awhile. Just now I am beginning to grasp
the elementary notions of FORTH programming and I would like to share
with you a short program which shows some simple graphic and printing
routines (each # represents one blank space). Compare the speed of
execution with a similar BASIC program, or example, any one of the
Basic games you may have which starts by drawing a black border aroubd
the screen.

G 24 1 DO CR ."Hü" 128 EMIT ."HHSHHHHHEHUHUHUHHHHHHHHHHHHHHNMHH" 126
MIT LOOP 5 NEWLINE !note: that's 39 spaces!

A. "48" 31.8 DO 128 EMIT LOOP ; NEWLINE

M 18 1 DO CR LOOP ; NEWLINE

E ."##" 128 EMIT ."HHHHTHIS IS A DEMONSTRATION" CR CR ; NEWLINE

S ."#8#" 128 EMIT ."HHHHHOF FORTH GRAPHICS..." CR CR ; NEWLINE

X ."HüH" 128 EMIT ."HHHHHHHHHHHHHH" | NEWLINE 'note: 14 spaces!

s» om ss e» we [T] os

After making the above definitions exactly as listed, you can run
the program by entering the following list of words:

TASK G A HOME A M E X Newline
and see what happens. Remember that after the laborious entering of

the definitions, these stay in memory and are added to your
Vocabulary. The actual program is the last short line of words.

Priated in Canada by Triuae Printing Copyright (C? 1964

The Z80 has eight directly accessible 8 bit registers, A,B,C,
D,E,F,H and L, and four sixteen bit registers IX, IY, the stack pointer SP
and the programme counter PC. The eight 8 bit registers are sometimes used
as four sixteen bit registers AF ,BC ,DE,HL. A is the accumulator, F holds
flags and HL is used to point to an address in memory.

In the following n is a single byte number, nn is a two byte number, d is
a displacement and (nn) is the contents of memory location nn e.g (HL) is the
contents of the address held in HL. P

1 Load

Mnemonic LD. Example LD A,C- copy the contents of C into A.

1.1 8 bit register to register e.gLDA,C

The contents of any of the registers A,B,C,D,E,H,L may be copied one to
another.

1.2 8 bit memory to register e.g LD A, (HL)

(HL), (IX+d) or (IY+d), may be copied to any of the registers A,B,C,D,E,
H,L. (BC), (DE) or (nn) may be copied to A.

1.3 8 bit register to memo: e.g LD (HL), A

A,B,C,D,E,H,L may be copied to (HL), (IX+d), (IY+d). A may be copied
to (BC), (DE) or (nn). 3 ;

1.4 8 bit register or memory immediate e.g LDA, n

A value n may be loaded into A,B,C,D,E,H,L, (HL), (IX+d), (IY«d).

1.5 16 bit register to register e.g LD SP, HL

The contents of HL, IX or IY may be copied to SP.

1.6 16 bit memory to register e.g LD BC, (nn)
(nn) may be copied to BC, DE, HL, IX, IY, SP.

1.7 16 bit register to memory e.g LD (nn), BC

BC, DE, HL, IX, IY, SP may be copied to (nn)

1.8 16 bit register imrnediate e.g LD BC, nn

nn may be loaded into BC, DE, HL, IX, IY, SP

2 Push and Pop e.g PUSH HL POP HL

A PUSH instruction copies the contents of a named 16 register to the bottom
of the stack and decrements the stack pointer twice. A POP instruction does
the reverse. AF,BC,DE,HL,IX,IY may be PUSHed or POPped.

3 Exchange e.g EX AF AF'

An exchange instruction swops the contents of the named pair of 16 bit
registers or memory locations. In the case of EX and EXX the contents are
swopped with an otherwise inaccessible set of duplicate registers. Exchanges
can be made between HL and DE, HL and (SP), (SP) and IX,(SP) and IY,

AF and AF', BCDEHL and BCDEHL' .

4 8 bit add and subtract e.g ADD A,E SBC A,D
A,B,C,D,E,H,L, (HL) ,n, (IX«d) , (IY+d) may be added or subtracted to or
from the accumulator with or without the carry flag.

S 8 bit AND OR and XOR e.g ANDC f
A,B,C,D,E,H,L,(HL),n, (IX+d), (IY+d) may be combined with the accumulator
using any of the three logical operators above.

6_Compare e.g CP C
Compare is like subtract except the flags only and not the contents of the

accumulator are affected. A,B,C,D,E,H,L, (HL) ,n (IX«d), (IY+d) may be
compäred with the accumulator.

7 8 bit increment and decrement e.g INC B
A,B,C,D,E,H,L,(HL), (IX+d), (IY+d) may be incremented or decremented.

8 16 bit increment and decrement e.g INC BC
BC ,DE,HL,IX,IY,SP may be incremented or decremented.

9 16 bit add and subtract e.g: ADD HL, BC

BC ‚DE,HL,IX may be added with or without carry or subtracted with carry only
to or from HL. BC,DE,SP,IX may be added without carry to IX. BC,DE,SP,

IY may be added without carry to IY.

10 Jump, call and return

The flag register, F, contains a carry flag, C, which is set on carry,
a parity flag P, which is set if a result is even, a sign flag, S, which is set if
a result is negative, an overflow flag, V, which is set on overflow, and a
zero flag, Z, which is set on zero. These flags can be used to control jumps,
subroutine calls and returns.
10.1 Jump e.g JP NC, nn

The following jumps to an address nn are possible: absolute jump (JP);
jump on zero or not zero (JP Z and JP NZ); jump on carry or not carry
(JP C and JP NC); jump on positive or negative (JP P and JP M); jump on
P/V = 1 or P/V =0 (JP PE and JP PO). The following relative jumps to an.
address d relative to the current position are available where d is interpreted
as lying in the range - 128 to 127: absolute relative jump (JR); relative
jump on zero or not zero (JR Z or JR NZ); relative jump on carry or not
carry (JR C and JR NC). Jumps may be made to the addresses held in
HL,IX or IY. (JP (HL) , JP(IX), JP(IY)). The DJNZ instruction decrements
the B register and jumps to d if B is non zero.
10.2 Cal e.g Call Z nn
If the call condition is met the current contents of the programme counter is
PUSHed on to the stack and a jump is made to address nn. The following
calls may be made: absolute call (CALL); call on zero or not zero (CALL Z
or CALL NZ); call on carry or not carry (CALL C or CALL NC); call on
positive or negative (CALL P or CALL M); call on P/V = 1 or P/V =0
(CALL PE or CALL PO).
10.3 Return e.g RET PO
If the return condition is met the value in the stack is POPped into the
programme counter causing a jump back to the position following the previous
call. Return conditions are available to match each call condition.
Returns can also be made from the interrupt and the non-maskable interrupt
(RETI and RETN)

11 Bit instructions

The eight bits in each register are numbered from 0 to 7 inclusive from right
to left. Each of the following operations may be performed on the A,B,C,D,
E,H,L registers and on (HL), (IX+d) and (IY+d).

11.1 Bit test e.g BIT 2, B

The bit test instruction sets the zero flag to the opposite of the named bit.
Any bit may be tested.

11.2 Bit set e.g SET 5, D

Any bit may be set.

11.3 Bit reset e.g RES 7, H

Any bit may be reset.

11.4 Rotate left e.g RL B

Bit 7 is copied to the carry, the carry is copied to bit O and all other bits
are copied one place to the left.

11.5 Rotate right e.g RR D

Bit O is copied to the carry, the carry is copied to bit 7 and all other bits
are copied one place to the right.

11.6 Rotate left circular e.g RLC E A

Bit 7 is copied to the carry and to bit O. All other bits are copied one place
to the left. i

11.7 Rotate right circular e.g RRC A

Bit O is copied to the carry and to bit 7. All other bits are copied one place
to the right.

11.8 Shift left arithmetic e.g SLA (HL)

AL bits are copied one place to the left, bit 7 is copied to the carry and bit O
is reset. :

11.9 Shift right arithmetic e.g SRA A

All bits are copied one place to the right, bit O is copied to the carry and
bit 7 is copied to itself.

11.10 Shift right logical e.g SRL (IX+d)

As shift right arithmetic but with bit 7 reset.

11.11 Rotate left digit and rotate right digit e.g RLD

In a rotate left bits O to 3 of A are copied to bits O to 3 of (HL); bits O to 3
of (HL) are copied to bits 4 to 7 of (HL); bits 4 to 7 of (HL) are copied to bits ~
O to 3of A. i

12 Accumulator operations
12.1 Complement accumulator CPL i
Every set bit is reset, every reset bit is set.

12.2 Negate accumulator NEG

Complement and add one.

12.3 Complement or set carry CCF or SCF

CCF complements the carry; SCF sets the carry.
12.4 Decimal adjust DAA

Corrects the results of BCD addition and subtraction.

13 Restart e.g RST 20

Save the programme counter on the stack and jump to location 8*nH where
nH is the number in hexa decimal.

14 Block handling e.g LDI ;
LDI: Move one byte from (DE) to (HL) and decrement BC. LDIR: As

LDI but repeat until BC = 0. E
LDD: Move one byte from (DE) to (HL) and decrement'BC, DE and HL.
LDDR: As LDD but repeat until BC=0. .

CPI: Compare A and (HL), increment HL and decrement BC. CPIR: As CPI
but repeat until BC = 0. CPD: As CPI but decrement HL. CPDR: As CPD but

repeat until BC = 0.

15 Flip - floj e.g DI
DI: reset interrupt flip - flop.

El: set interrupt flip - flop.

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